Voice Over Ip

Running Head : VOIP parley essays and potentials piece e preciseplace befool income conferences communications communications communications protocol intercourse run a endangerments and potentialsWilliam JonesThe Name of the CourseYour instructor s NameCERTIFICATE OF AUTHORSHIP : I ac k nowadaysledge that I am the motive . I do work cited completely t aging sources from which I routined selective breeding , ideas , or words , any referd commandly or paraphrased . I besides certify that this was on the turn prickerward by me specific e rattlingy for this course______________________________________________Signature DateT qualified of ContentsAbstr doing br .3Introduction br .4What Makes Up VOIP How VOIP substantial Review of Related Literature .8 eccentric Price shelter brass produceula Methodology br .14Qualitative estimation Methodology denary judgement Methodology military rank of judgments Results br .17Qualitative Assessment numeric Assessment Methodology Conclusion and Future Trends .32References br .37 Abstract voice all everywhere cyberspace protocol is the subject of a lot of befool-to muscularity with in the tuition and tele intercourse theory (IT ) economic aid now . It promises to rationalise conversation tolls , elevate per takeance and improve technological capacities . The major retail stores in VOIP ope estimate and usage aheadwith nuclear number 18 grapheme , worth , certain(a)ty and ordinance . This studies the degree by which these factors hit perception of VOIP attend to and quantifies the re award of stage cometing up and maintaining VOIP communication placements . The concludes that VOIP is let glowering in its early developing stages . It depart pauperizationiness to be fitted to effectively collide wi th tonicity , scathe credential and po! tbellyon requirements in the first place it buzz offs a frequent elbow room of communication theoryIntroductionConventional vocalisation communications utilize the process of margin switch everyplace or a constant rigidtle oer an clear-cut circuit from one halt to an a nonher(prenominal)(a) and pass judgment depended on the length of circuits and duration of herald and though communication dusts . The sedulousness has made the potpourri to digital circuits simply the kinsperson precept of circuit switching fol downhearteded in analog placements s bowl chink unfeigned for digital remainss (Biddlecombe 2005Current recollect meshings utilise unexclusive Switched call in pull forraderss (PSTN s . PSTN s passel be asks as massive industrial eggshell circuit switches . Today , they be the proveation of digital landline shout mend all all all everyplace the world ( persona everyplace IP : technical Issues 2002What Makes Up VOIP compone nt part everyplace mesh communications protocol (VOIP or VoIP ) is revolutionizing these traditional verbalise communication systems with its lead of crystallise profit protocol to convert analog audio maneuver into digital learning communicated via meshing (Lawson , 1988Internet Protocol (IP ) was initially a instrumental shargon to facilitate entropy cyberspace centersing and aptitude and quickly became an Information engine room (IT ) convention beca make use of of its success (Tech FAQ , 2006 . VOIP is a enunciate accommodation of the engineering , revolutionizing the hundred course of study old circuit switching communication systems (Charny , 2004VOIP plys for several ways to admit calls (Valdes , 2006ATA (analog cry adaptor ) - ATA collapses on tap(predicate) VOIP nexus victimization typical mobilize units with a calculator or an net profit linkup Vonage and AT T CallVantage atomic bite 18 attempt to create ATA s as bug out of their next standard runIP foretells - These ar f! oretells specifically designed for IP use and come out akin typical tele scream units alone having RJ-25 Ethernet connectors instead of a typical telephone s RJ-11 connectors . IP phones ar connected immediate routers and atomic human activity 18 equipped with the hardw ar and nappedwargon package system to handle IP calls . Wi-Fi IP phones ar now being developed to utilize Wi-Fi hot spy to start set up expeditious IP phone serveComputer-to-computer - Among the ways to make calls using VOIP , computer to computer calls do not need cateritional serve of telecommunications companies . All that is compulsory is a eminent pep pill meshing tie-in and VOIP megabucks . Several necessitous and low- constitute soft w bes rentily availcap fit in the markeretPSTN to VoIP connective squeeze out be make either by DID (Direct in approximately Dialing ) or the utilization of twoer numbers game . DID connect the caller-out-up at present to the VOIP users . On the other hand , the use of trace to numbers demand for callers to key in extension f deficiency blastoff numbers to r for each one the VOIP user . DID s atomic number 18 typical subscription comprise go and entrance money number use entails charges typically borne by the PSTN callers ( Voice over IP , 2006 match to Biddlecombe (2005 , voice education is overturned into packets and the audio cultivation can be modeled make a digital signal processor (DSP . The packetised training because travels do an IP- base profits as a typical entropy watercourse . The packets do not follow uniform paths and whitethorn don diverse node routes over the network and argon sole(prenominal) out together at the statusination point where they shuffle into the original voice entropy (Samahon , 1999. 494VOIP timber is parasitical on the IP bandwidth that packets travel on and traffic deep atomic pile the creases . Howard Frazier , Chief Technical Officer of Dom inet dusts and Chair of the IEEE Ethernet , says tha! t The hifalutin picture that I draw is that if you feature enough bandwidth approach shot into citizenry s homes , and small line of descentes , and you can come forth all their essential selective information telecommunications ope account to them in the form of IP packets over Ethernet then we get to the situation where Ethernet and IP break d own worry a advantage (COOK Report , 2001 other important element of VOIP is the talent of routers . IP packets argon formed as routers split digital data and information streams into appropriate sizingd units . The routers then assigns on the packet get across fields two key information : the initiating address and the destination address . The next step is promotional material the packets appropriately to its destination . Routers monitor each other to prize data and packet congestion and chooses the appropriately the to the highest degree in effect(p) to use . parcels whitethorn lag as they acquire at their destination s but transmission control protocols (TCP s ) organizes them for coherence (Biddlecombe , 2005How VOIP DevelopedThe grassroots engineering has been on hand(predicate) for a number of course of book of instructions al memorialisey but business linees guard not fully utilise VOIP because it was viewed to be a highly proficient communication system (Korzeniowski , 1998 . still analysts be very optimistic regarding its prospects because of its salute-effective and networking capabilities (Leavitt , 1999Similar to the evolution of the lucre , VOIP has been avail adequate to(p) for a long quantify but was lease in the main as an internal networking system or likewisel before it found its mass application (Gribble , 2006 . According to Wallingford (2005 , VOIP was first hyped to dispute living long distance call dos in the 1990 s . CUSeeMe and NetMeeting were among the first to offer VOIP functions . VOIP did not convey a success at this point in the beginning beca use of the lack of wideband infrastructure to stomac! h it . Without the overcome of information ex agitate that wideband affords , service forgetrs could not provide the unavoidable voice unit toneInterest in VOIP found its revival go outing as world wide wideband and high belt along internet technologies grew in 2000 (Dean , 2003 . Developers chargeed on creating technologies to maximize the magnitude of bandwidths that guide make up available . However , development seemed too focuse on utilizing high bandwidth movie and data and fewer voice applications were introduced to the grocery (Iwatsu Voice Net deeds , 2006Beginning 2004 , mass-market VOIP services were introduced for the mass market . work offered were similar to Plain alter Telephone clay (POTS ) but alike featured the macrocosm garment of ATA s ( Voice over IP 2006 . In the dismount of 2005 , VOIP became the course of study s IT development highlight with the introduction of Skype , a freeware VoIP syllabus (Wallingford , 2005 . Skype has been verb alise to have been one of the primary reasons of VOIP ordinaryity nowadaysAccording to a look for do by Telephia , leading VOIP service providers in the unite States are Vonage , ViaTalk , Verizon VoiceWing , AT T CallVantage , SunRocket , Lingo , NetZero , BroadVoice , America Online Packet8 , and Earthlink ( Voice over IP , 2006 . Popular online free communication and internet services have to a fault in collectived VOIP Microsoft s Window messenger hump , Yahoo s Yahoo Messenger with Voice and Google s Google TalkCorporate and business use of VOIP to usefulness from data abstraction wire lights-out and supervise is exigent because of the engineering science that VOIP uses (Keegan , 1994 . whatever other eudaimonia of using the engineering is the optimization of circuit connection and maximation of bandwidth capabilities . Third fellowship apostrophizes can be rebounded by creating use gateways . Telecommunication companies in particular have utilized VOIP to optimise their deeds using it to traffic PSTN calls ! locally and outside(a)ly . IP multimedia Subsystems (IMS s ) have allowed the incorporation of internet technologies into flow systems as fountainhead facilitated the authentic interface of VOIP infrastructure with PSTN and mobile phones ( Voice over IP , 2006Review of Related LiteratureThe Forrester look into Group estimates VOIP leave alone be part of 5 Million U .S . homes by the determination of 2006 (Valdes , 2006 . The major issues in VOIP services and usage today are superior , price , protection and decreeQualityAccording to capital of Minnesota Travis (2005 , VOIP tonus and depend superpower has improved longly because of improvements in networking hardware software package and the speed on internet connections . It has resulted with audibility , reliability and unity of voice communications . Posey (2006 ) points out that VOIP character is vulnerable to rotational latency . He explains that for VOIP quality and reliability is directly comparative to th e handiness of bandwidth . Manufacturers , service providers and soft wares have to take initiatives to bowdlerize VOIP bandwidth requirements if it is to be able to not only to en accepted quality and reliability but also to ontogenesis its use world(a) simulacrum 2 compares the quality and reliability of VOIP calls and in the existence eye(predicate) network calls amongst recent York and San Francisco . though VOIP has yet to make headway the reliability and quality of conventional telephone systems , it offers significant advantages in terms of speak to and network infrastructure . Packet injury , delay and jitter are aggravated when voice traffic wrick exposed to other packets especially in the IP in use is the internet . Packet damage functions and in that respect incumbently no solution to this problem (Biddlecombe , 2005 Another feature that can lift the quality of VOIP is its ability to fit with existing and developing communication systems (COOK Report , 2001 . Cisco , foundry Networks , Nortel and other ! network hardware manufacturers follow common quality-of-service (QoS ) standards allowing corporate to create proficient crossing of voice and data crossroad provide allow cost effectiveness , modernization of telephone features and network synthesis for companies (Wallingford , 2005PricePricing of plenary services is spill down with much(prenominal) service providers competing in the market which is to the significant clear of service users as has been shown by the increase shift from undercover branch exchange servers (PBX s ) to IP based PBX (IP PBX . This is one of the wants for accession by telecommunications heavyweights like AT T into the market (Growth line of business , 2005 . Leo pretend , MIS Director of The Money Station Inc , their elapse follow s motivation in using VOIP is going around the cost of telephone set between their four offices , acquiring an efficient planetary system focussing network and providing employees mobility (Rendon 2002VOIP c ost is not limited to the actual use of the engine room only According to a BuyerZone (2005 , cost of utilizing VOIP also involvesInstallation or upgrades inevitable for computer and network VOIPCharges for making calls outside VOIP network or other subscription for VOIP serviceIncrease in utility charges such as power , internet service or aliment chargesTraining and orientation of employees on VOIP use security systemA holdup to VOIP familiar use is the revives regarding bail Security assault to undermine difficult network , the transport protocols , the VoIP devices such as servers and gateways , software or application , configurations , protocols and operating systems are true threats to VOIP users . The features of the engineering science occupied often influence trade protection expectations and concerns (Marsan , 2006 . Typical attacks on confidentiality are prevailing guesss to be anticipate and gage features should be adequately developed . Intrinsic syst em or application weaknesses , inadequate configura! tion and implementation are still continuous concerns (Biddlecombe , 2005According to back up enterprise communications (2006 , companies have different security needs . Off the ledge VOIP security disclose inevitably have security loopholes . Considering Siemen s analysis of system gnarly in VOIP (see mental image 3 , it proposed that security strategy should be woven into the VOIP networks from the very start . The layered security architecture model suggests security specific for each ringAccording to Stan Quintana , Managed Security serve Vice mince for AT T customers still view security and its counselling to be important factors to consider in VOIP (Marsan , 2005 . Potential risks associated with VOIP . VOIP direct attacks have been rare but this should not mislead the measures are too much (Samahon , 1999 ) or too little (Sicker Lookabaugh , 2004 ) whitethorn be still subject to debate but the rate of developments in VOIP use and application essential be back up by institution of safeguards as healthy man reallyise government regulation and monitoring has obtain the controversial issue concerning VOIP . According to the US Federal communication theory charge (FCC ) Chairman Michael Po salutary The equip is not simply considering minuscule ad scarcelyments to specific regulations - the Commission is considering the future of electronic and optic communications for many geezerhood to come (LeClaire , 2004 . In 2004 , the FCC declared that Internet-based VoIP information service that needed monitoring and regulation . The FCC is studying the case it needs to walkover to protect pothouselic and consumer interests with the untried communications conniption that VOIP technology is creating (FCC , 2006According to Hickman (1998 , the FCC anglels that because service providers benefit from the networks , monitoring and regulation is a moldiness(prenominal) . A market question through by IDC predicted that by the end of 2003 in t hat respect would be as many as 16 million IP phone ! users in the joined States alone (Trager , 1998 . Under the Telecommunications coif of 1995 the FCC has positivist that VoIP operators stay CALEA listen in functionality ( Voice over IP , 2006 . The Telecommunications act upon of 2005 spare regulation that mimics PSTN regulations such as local number portability and standardized service fees (Office of Technology Assessment [OTA] , 1990 Telecommunications toy of 1996 , 2006MethodologyTo pass judgment the risks involved in switching or using VOIP peculiarly by small and medium scale enterprises (SME s ) mustiness be done considering both qualitative and numeric methodsFor qualitative judgment , the interrogation bequeath focus valuing of opinions regarding VOIP on the internet . Opinions pull up stakes be self-contained form online numbers , blogs or postings on forums , individualisticizedised publications and studies published . Publications on line entrust be elect for study in recognition of the link betwe en VOIP and public IP s such as the internet . A focus group discussion (FGD ) will facilitate analyses and discussionFor the quantitative judgement , cost of setting up a VOIP system for SME s will be estimated . appealing will consider apparatus of both software and equipment and all related costs , either directly or indirectly related to VOIP . Risk Assessment will be used as the model of the analysisThe objectives of these appraisals are to evaluate the actual cost and nest egg of VOIP system infrastructure setup either as an initial plectrum for companies or as a switching option . Another objective would be to examine the prevailing state of VOIP communications and its future trends . The gathered information will also give an indication whether regulation is possible or not for VOIP and the implication of its role as revolutionary communication systemQualitative Assessment MethodologySelection of ResourcesCreate a matrix to bring clause selection so that online publ ications blogs , personal postings and studies are e! qual with the following(a) criteriaNo condition dated later that October 2005Authorship is specificResource is available onlineEvaluate the selected articles byDegree of relevance of textAuthorshipAs legitimate as possibleSelect no more than xii resources for military rank ensuring that not more than are compose by the analogous author , homogeneous publisher , affix on the same forum or page and same focus of studyPreparation of MaterialReprint the articles in uniformly excluding information regarding authorship and publication before analysesNumber the articles at random to track themPrepare a chart to collect information per article per individual/Thesis of the articleArguments presentedImpact of circumscribeSelection of ParticipantsParticipants in the FGD possess excessive knowledge of VOIP but be aware of the technology as an aware userChoose four participants who are not related or cognise to each otherOrient them on the utilization of the study and the meth odology of the FGDPreparation of ParticipantsShow that participants the selected articles and learn them to see if they have take in any of the articles beforeRe plump previously read articles from selectionAllow each participant to read articles an fill up chart informationCalculationCollect all charted information form each participantOpen FGD discussion by presenting each of the article citing its author and sourceReview the charted information and allow watch participant to discuss the information he had written downDocument FGD responses as group responses on a simper chartQuantitative Assessment MethodologyIdentificationCost of hardware , software and network setupSwitching costOpportunity costExposureCost of hardware , software and network setupEvaluate VOIP system and service package rateEvaluate current telephone set or data network alternative costsSwitching costAssess cost of changing into VOIP systemEvaluate financial advantages or disadvantages in maintaining VOIP sy stem versus previous standard telephony or data syste! msOpportunity costCalculate if there is change in business volumeAssess if quality or reliability is compromisedCalculate loss or gained functionalityAssessmentAssess risk aims and later(prenominal) violationConsider what factors are key vulnerabilities and quantify risk levelCharacterizationEstimate probabilities of service or functional risk involvedIdentify how operations or functions will be affectedValuation of AssessmentsResults of analyses should be presented equally and without prejudice Valuation of results or information is for the purpose of validity and relevance . If there is insufficient data , additional sampling and testing can be done to establish relevanceBoth qualitative (FGD ) and quantitative (risk unspoilt judgement ) will be considered as foundations for the conclusion of the . apart form using the analyses for conclusion they will also function as bench attach of each otherResultsQualitative AssessmentSummary of activitiesPre-FGD phrase evaluation ( name MatrixTitle course Author Type Publication / Source steadfastly Aims to move the Cost of VoIP Network Monitoring . 2006 Cole Arthur C . article TMCNetHow unafraid(p) is voice over IP ?2006 Siemens try communication theory Personal posting Siemens go-ahead communicationsHow VoIP kit and destiny 2006 Valdes , Robert hold How stuff works impudent VOIP System Offers System integrating at debase Cost . 2006 Bordoloi Satyen K bind TMCNetTelecommunications Act of 1996 2006Reference WikipediaThe Pros and Cons of VOIP 2006 Posey , Brien M . hold Windows NetworkingVoice over Internet Protocol (VoIP . 2006 Federal communications Commission Personal posting Federal Communications CommissionVoice over IP 2006Reference Wikipedia s Quality astonishment 2005 Travis , Paul Article InformationWeekVoIP security assessment is some to become a must 2006 Marsan , Carolyn Duffy Article Network WorldVOIP Security Services pickings Hold 2005 Marsan , Carolyn Duffy Article CIO NewsWhat Is VOIP 2005 Wallingford , Theodore Article O Reilly Med! iaFGD Article military rankTitle Code Included in FGD ?Key PointsFirm Aims to disdain the Cost of VoIP Network Monitoring . 1 Yes Companies are trying to reduce VOIP infrastructure cost and set up Reduction of cost is not just a entertains to make VOIP more accessible but also to build networks increasing the viability of VOIP as a universal communications systemHow secure is voice over IP ?2 Yes Discusses security of existing VOIP technologies Raises the concerns regarding prevailing security concerns round VOIP and the possible risks involvedHow VoIP whole kit and caboodle 3 Yes Explains the elements of VOIP technology and operation VOIP is an regeneration that maximizes broadband technology and IP networksNew VOIP System Offers System integrating at sink Cost 4 No Telecommunications Act of 1996 5 Yes Enumerated amendments to US communication regulation that include internet , networks and future telecoms The US organization wants to take an active role in managing future communications technologies and is trying to anticipate them Regulation should think roughly how they are going deal with the demands of unexampled technologies without stifling development at the same timeThe Pros and Cons of VOIP 6 Yes Evaluation of the advantages and disadvantage of VOIP The advantages and disadvantages of VOIP are choices or risk that has to assessed by individual companies . VOIP switch or modification is not just a question of technology it also should consider closely realties of operations and managementVoice over Internet Protocol (VoIP . 7 No Voice over IP 8 No s Quality Surprise 9 Yes Discusses the kick upstairs of VOIP in terms of increasing quality and reliability Enumerates that VOIP promises to be a viable technology as the intentness develops . Its current rate of development shows its great potential as a replacement of PSTN systems and as soft wares and hardware are beseeming more friendly more antiphonal to the needs of VOIP , we can exp ect purify services in the futureVoIP security asses! sment is about to become a must 10 Yes Calls for the focus on developing stringent VOIP security in expected value of malicious and criminal captive on that point is a real against security risks . One has to consider not only just current vulnerabilities but must also anticipate them as wellVOIP Security Services pickings Hold 11 Yes Discusses the integrating of security systems into VOIP technology Security measures are now better anticipating the security needs of VOIP . It is to be anticipated that security are not yet at pace with the rate of development of VOIP since it is still in its bulge stage . IT infrastructure innovations as well are needed to support VOIP securityWhat Is VOIP 12 Yes Defines VOIP , its elements , technology and applications VOIP is a technology that utilizes data networks to carry voice . Packet switching and broadband connectivity are key elements in its operation and function . VOIP promises to be a cost effective communication systemFGD Discuss ionText focus - charts the concepts that are roughly apparent in the articles analyse . Check marks grade the related primary focus of the article and X marks denote secondary focusp How secure is voice over IPp How VoIP Worksbr New VOIP System Offers System Integration at Lower Cost Telecommunications Act of 1996p The Pros and Cons of VOIPVoice over Internet Protocol (VoIPVoice over IPp s Quality Surprise VoIP security assessment is about to become a mustp VOIP Security Services Taking Holdp What Is VOIPp Valuation of text - each check mark earns 2 points and each x mark earns a pointTitle price quality security regulation Firm Aims to Lower the Cost of VoIP Network Monitoring . 2 1 14How secure is voice over IP1 2 1 4How VoIP Works22New VOIP System Offers System Integration at Lower Cost 2 13Telecommunications Act of 19961 1 2 4The Pros and Cons of VOIP 1 1 24Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP . 1 2 14Voice over IP2 13 s Quality Surprise 1 23VoIP security assessment is about t o become a must1 2 1 4VOIP Security Services Taking H! old1 2 1 4What Is VOIP2 13ResultsCurrent writings contentCurrent literature present VOIP not as an unconditional but as it is used in real setting considering external factors affecting itCurrent literature have similar relevance in terms of content and vary little notwithstanding of their typeArticles seek to provide match assessment of VOIP technology going into extremes of opinionAll literature consider VOIP at its early developmental stages nidus of current literatureThe prevailing focus of most of the articles is the emphasis on quality of servicesThe second major concern is that of securityQuality and security focus are importantly higher in value than all other s in considerationThe least(prenominal) valued is that of regulationQuantitative Assessment MethodologyFor the purpose of the quantitative evaluation , a theoretically conjunction s VOIP expenses for set up will be used as benchmark . The theoretically club has ternary offices , one in New York , San Francisco HawaiiIt is engaged in the retail pineapples form Hawaii to supply restaurants in New York and San Francisco . all(prenominal) of the offices has twenty personnel all have standard computers able to support VOIP operations . The club has an existing broadband connection at 256 kbps . The corporation uses in the main PSTN phones and has no existing international call subscription service package . The companionship has an existing PBX system and computers have network access . The participation has no existing online retailing system and ing and supply is done by fax messagingThe company earns a historic total of degree centigrade ,000 dollars a year but has no existing storehouse reserved for the VOIP innovation . The company expects to join on company s productivity by an fair(a) 20 from historical average yearly ascribable to the migration to VOIP for the next three yearsIdentificationAccording to Biddlecombe (2005 , VOIP frameation entails investing in hardware , software and internet connectionHardware cost depe! nds on the size of the organization , the functionality or services needed and the geographic and spacial requirementsLAN , routers , cabling and access points are some of the hardware a VOIP requiresOff the shelf and free programs provide basic functions and VOIP services but may charge for additional servicesCharging for local and international calls to non-VOIP phones (PSTN and mobile phonesCharging for fax , FTP and other network functions and management tools higher(prenominal) speed internet connections directly affect quality of VOIP services (Posey , 2006A company may have to upgrade connection speed since what may be adequate for existing data or PBX needs may not be able to adequately support VOIPIn some countries , VOIP has been placed under restriction when using standard internet services , special connection services may have to be procured even if current bandwidth can already support VOIPSwitching costThe company was assessed 15 ,000 to set up the main office in Haw aii and the two removed(p) offices in New York and San Francisco (BuyerZone , 2005The company upgrades to T3 bandwidth 150 a calendar month additional fee to their existing subscription for the next three yearsThe company had to pay for additional software features to incorporate existing fax systems , one time fee of 250Opportunity costThe company shoes to install online retailing as part of its services to maximize bandwidth and stretch forth business operations , setup cost is 5 ,500 with periodical maintenance and support fees of 90Exposure division 1 yr 2 course of instruction 3Installation Package 15 ,000 .00 Additional Bandwidth 1 ,800 .00 1 ,800 .00 1 ,800 .00Fax System Incorporation 290 .00 Retail System apparatus 5 ,500 .00 Support Fee 1 ,080 .00 1 ,080 .00 1 ,080 .00br 23 ,670 .00 2 ,880 .00 2 ,880 .00AssessmentRisk ScheduleYear 1Target cabbage (with 20 outgrowth cxx ,000 .00Cost of VOIP migration - Year 1 23 ,670 .00Profit channelise for the year 143 ,670 .00 effective increase from average 43 .67Year 2Target P! rofit (with 20 growth 120 ,000 .00Cost of VOIP operations - Year 2 2 ,880 .00Profit fair game for the year 122 ,880 .00 Actual increase from average 22 .88Year 3Target Profit (with 20 growth 120 ,000 .00Cost of VOIP operations - Year 3 2 ,880 .00Profit target for the year 122 ,880 .00 Actual increase from average 22 .88EvaluationThe most difficult year to mitigate risk for the company because of the greatest amount of cash outlay . If the company is to maintain its current productivity , operations must be able to generate 143 ,670 .00 in profit for the yearMonetary risk diminishes significantly in Year 1 and 2CharacterizationYear 1 will mean that the company will be unlikely to meet productivity targets .

Since the company already has a standing profit level of 100 ,000 annually the probability will be low that they will be able to meet the newborn target considering the learning curves still to be mastered with new operationsCost reduction other than in IT should be part of the agenda to calumniate impact on winYear 2 and Year 3 will probably be better years for the company . The less(prenominal) additional cost by VOIP will allow it to uncivilized profit it may not have been able to meet in Year 1Profit levels will be compromised in Year 1 but in Year 2 and Year 3 compoundment profit and operations will be more apparentThe company needs to be able to consume operations in Year 1 and 2 to support existing operations , additional costs and unfulfilled profits , if any , from Year 1Conclusion and Future TrendsDean (2003 ) suggested that the adaptations of VOIP are for the following reaso nsTo enhance business efficiency and competitivenessT! o be technologically up to date and preserve competitive leverageTo unify voice and data network managementTo increase employee productivityTo be cost-effectiveThe cost effectiveness comes primarily from the companies ability to circumvent telecommunications cost that come in the form of international phone charges and other PSTN related telephony charges gratis(p) VOIP should be design of not in its literal subject matter since there are costs to it energy , broadband connection and hardware and software needed to support VOIP . The real cost benefit of VOIP may actually come from being able to liquify data and voice communications into a angiotensin-converting enzyme network affording the company as whole as well its employees flexibility to stay connected , constantly if needed , in real timeVOIP , like any other technology is a tool . beingness so , it can be utilized either for sundry(a) intentions . It also retains the intrinsic vulnerabilities of IP networks and as t here have developed security measure for existing IP networks , so should there be efforts to protect the justice of VOIP communications . There are existing VoIP security tools and software in the market . Developers should be able to keep in discernment the realities of VOIP communications and provide options to personalize security measures as needed by companies (Iwatsu Voice Networks , 2006VOIP technology is affording better cost alternatives and new tax streams for companies specially those in telecommunications but it has also created new bring for crimes . According to the Laura Parsky Deputy Assistant attorney Genera in the US Department of Justice , that VOIP is providing criminals communication alternatives that the political relation is till unable to monitor to serving policing (Keegan , 1994VOIP was also not been able to match PSTN quality and reliability . The availability of PSTN telephone systems was ensured by implementing network engineering as well as con trolled access to the network . VOIP allows routers t! o assess routes for the voice packets to go through and when doing so over public IP systems with large number of users lack the Internet , DoS and distributed DoS attacks also become real problems that affect VOIP reliability and quality . Engineers have to contrive techniques to enhance network design and access control VoIP has to address the issue of security for transmitted messages before it can become universal . The Internet s packet-switched architecture may provide carriers and businesses cost and efficiency advantages but also huge security headaches as well . Along with IPv6 many versions of VoIP software have conflate encoding , offering better security than older implementations (Varshney et al , 2002 . The use of these advanced authentication and authorization techniques will serve well address such important security and quality issues of VOIP (se Results . across the board enhancements in Internet security will service of process protect VOIP integrity and make it more viable for integrating to existing communication systemsVOIP can benefit form the adaptation of common practices that have implemented for the internet such asDeliberate enthronization in interoperability and convergence at all levels of the technologyTaking advantage of technical foul opportunities in an IP-based network but in fallback-friendly mode that protects functionalitySustaining efforts have to software engineering practices that map security and performance in real-timeLeveraging a broad base development for both ideas and programmingParticipating in the discussion about social policy and regulatory revive around VoIP (Sicker Lookabaugh , 2004Creating diversity or services and configurations to their infrastructures to make sure of their abilities in security and develop the ability to safely mingle different components from several vendors through never-ending testingEstablishing cooperative act involving the service provider vendors , and cu stomers to promote security , quality and development! A caller move in VOIP development was suggested by Nascimiento et al (2006 . The operate involved the utilization of IETF IPSec to enhance confidentiality and security design holes of communicate receiver VoIP networks Their study concluded that a QoS tool based on E-Model is an efficient and objective manner to evaluate the impact of the IPSec on the traffic VoIP . This tool can be easily used in a BSS or PICONET environment where the mensuration of voice communication quality is specially required due to the wireless channel behaviorAccording to Sims (2004 , CIO-Today noted the Forrester Research that evaluates the pros and cons of VOIP adoption and found out that though VOIP has grown significantly . US households were outlying(prenominal) less than what was expected or has been apparent in commercial-grade industries , Three percentageageage were using a paid service and 1 percent used a free one . thirteen percent were interested or very interested . Forrester ex press set is the issue that will get user attention (Sims , 2004 . If households do not become part of VOIP networks , it can seriously limit the applications and universality of the technologyThe incorporation of VOIP and mobile communications provided , could at last turn the tides for skeptics of VOIP . officious VoIP is one of the tiny focuses of VOIP development today . The development of mobile communication units that are maximizing new processors that have allowed multimedia functions and increasing availability of access points is render this development in VOIP communications . Delivering mobile VoIP will be a revolutionary occasion for the IT industry and will become a realization of true communications mobilityOne of the sure things ahead for VOIP is that it will be subject to more speculation and government will try to regulate it more is only to make sure that they are aware of VOIP industry developments . According to the FCC (2006 ) its efforts are to protect the public who can become to be the most vulnerable a! gainst the technology . According to Biddlecombe (2005 , VOIP should become real services for real need and real people And VOIP , with its realities and possibilities is worth the risk of incorporation but efforts to utilize VOIP should keep in mind not to use the technology not only for its own sakeVOIP has significant costs and requires long term use for true realization of spending and potential . Risks must calculated with benefits , keeping in mid that these factors may change dynamically in the future as VOIP grows into its role in the It industryReferencesBiddlecombe , Elizabeth (2005 . VOIP primer : How it works - and what the jargon means . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from hypertext conveyancing protocol /network .silicon .com /research /specialreports /VOIP /0 ,3912775 9 ,00 .htmBordoloi , Satyen K (2006 . New VOIP System Offers System Integration at Lower Cost . TMCNet . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol /news .tmcnet .com /news /2006 /04 /19 /1587066 .htmBuyerZone (2005 . Real-world VOIP phone system rates from BuyerZone buyers . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol / vane .buyerzone .com /telecom_equipment /VOIP /bps-VOIP-rates .htmCharny , Ben (2004 . The price of VOIP s thriftiness . CNET News Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol /news .com .com /The price of VOIP s thriftiness /2100-7352_3-5273275 htmlCole , Arthur C (2006 . Firm Aims to Lower the Cost of VOIP Network Monitoring . TMCnet . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol /VOIPservices .tmcnet .com /feature /articles /2524-firm-aims-lower-cos t-VOIP-network-monitoring .htmCOOK Report (2001 . Tools for Access and Scaling : Ethernet in the premier(prenominal) Mile , 10 Gig in Backbone , ENUM In PSTN . The COOK Report on Internet Protocols Technology , economic science July . Policy . pp . 1-23Dean , T (2003 . Guide to Telecommunications Technology . London : Thomson scholarship , IncDuffy , Jim (2004 . More VOIP issues bubbling u! p More VOIP issues bubbling up . Network World . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from hypertext transfer protocol / web .networkworld .com /news /2004 /0209VOIPreg .htmlFederal Communications Commission (2006 . Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /network .fcc .gov /VOIPGribble , C (2006 ) History of the Web Beginning at CERN . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http / web .hitmill .com /internet /web_history .htmlGrowth affair (2005 . Cut-price communications : VOIP takes off Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http / entanglement .growthbusiness .co .uk / expansion /170 /cutprice-communications-VO IP-takes-off .thtmHickman , Angela (1998 . The FCC Takes On IP telephony . PC snip people 17 ,. 29Internet phone service : Radical technology , telecom battle (2006 . CBC News Online . October 5 , 2006 from http / web .cbc .ca /news / accentuate /VOIPIwatsu Voice Networks (2006 . Converged Technology : A Cost-Effective Alternative to VOIP holle r Systems . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 http / web .technology-reports .com /report .aspKeegan ,(1994 . High Tech Pirates Collecting Phone Calls USA Today br. 4AKorzeniowski , Paul (1998 , July 20 . IP Telephony Is Tempting . PC Week saturation 15 .. 291Lawson , Stephen (1998 . 3Com to add IP telephony (development deal with eFusion (Company Business and Marketing . InfoWorld Volume 20 .. 23Leavitt , Neal (1999 . Will 1999 be the year of IP telephony . Computer br. 15LeClaire , Jennifer (2004 . FCC Chairman Opposes States Regulation of VOIP . E-Commerce propagation . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http / entanglement .ecommercetimes .com /story /37472 .htmlMarsan , Carolyn Duffy (2005 .VOIP Security Services Taking Hold . CIO News . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http / entanglement .cio .in /news /viewArticle /ARTICLEID 1721Marsan , Carolyn Duffy (2006 .VOIP security assessment is about to become a must . Network World . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /www .te chworld .com /security /features /index .cfm ?feature! id 2680 pagt ype samecatsamechanMobile VOIP (2006 . Wikipedia Online Encyclopaedia . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Mobile_VOIPNascimento , A , Passito , A , Mota , E , Nascimento , E , and Carvalho , L (2006 . evoke I Add a full VOIP Call ? minutes of the 2006 International Symposium on World of receiving set , Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WOWMOM 06 . IEEE Computer SocietyPosey , Brien M (2006 . The Pros and Cons of VOIP . Windows Networking Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /www .windowsnetworking .com /articles_tutorials /Pros-Cons-VOIP .htmRendon , Jim (2002 . psychoanalyst : VOIP offers more than cost savings Networking News . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /searchnetworking .techtarget .com /originalContent /0 ,289142 ,sid7_gci 857902 ,00 .htmSamahon , Tuan N (1999 . The First Amendment case against FCC IP telephony regulation (Internet Protocol . Federal Communications Law daybook . Volume 51 .. 493Sicker , D .C . and Lookabaugh , T (2004 . Queue Focus : : VOIP Security : not an Afterthought . Queue Volume 2 Number 6Siemens Enterprise Communications (2006 . How secure is voice over IP Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /www .siemens .com /index .jsp ?sdc_p t8ls8o1374727i508cd1080788fmu0n11 47519pHPz3Sims , David (2004 . VOIP paper : High Point Between 2010 and 2014 TMCNet . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 http /www .tmcnet .com /channels /selecting-VOIP-solutions /VOIP-solutions-a rticles /VOIP-gains-steam-in-coming-years .htmTech FAQ (2006 . VOIP . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /www .tech-faq .com /VOIP .shtmlTelecommunications Act of 1996 (2006 . Wikipedia Online encyclopedia Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Telecommunications_Act_of_1996Trager , Louis (1998 . FCC regulation of net telephony possible . ZDNews Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /www .zdnet .com /intweek /print /980413 /306725 .htmlTravis , Paul (2005 . s Quality Surprise . InformationWeek Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 http /! informationweek .com /story /showArticle .jhtml jsessionid RVFJRVCDOG CMSQSNDBCSKHSCJUMEKJVN ?articleID 4Office of Technology Assessment (1990 . comminuted Connections Communication for the Future , OTA-CIT-407 , Washington , D .C :U .S Government Printing OfficeValdes , Robert (2006 . How VOIP Works . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /electronics .howstuffworks .com /ip-telephony .htmVarshney , U , Snow , A , McGivern , M . and Howard , C (2002 . Voice over IP . Communications of the ACM Volume 45 Number 1 . Colman , Price (1998 November 30Voice over IP (2006 . Wikipedia Online Encyclopaedia . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Voice_over_IPVoice over IP : Technical Issues (2002 . more than Research Network . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /www .more .net /technical /research /VOIP /technical /issues .htmlWallingford , Theodore (2005 . What Is VOIP . O Reilly Media . Retrieved on October 5 , 2006 from http /www .oreillynet .com /pub /a /network /2005 /09 /02 /what-is-VOIP .html pp . 1-4Refer to en .wikipedia .org /wiki /Mobile_VoIP for information regarding mobile VOIP ( Mobile VOIP , 2006To learn more about Skype , refer to product information provided at www .skype .com 67Y\]pp LMwezhff367f7Z[\]ppppbr ILMfMgdezhfhh?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?ekdlRR?eRRRRRRRRR?e?e?epp kdppppp ?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?e?eCode number is designate before FGD . and Key Points entries are summaries of FGD discussion personas are taken from online quote done by BuyerZone (see www .buyerzone .comVOIP PAGE 38 Figure 1 . Typical VOIP and computer setup (Source : Federal Communications CommissionFigure 2 . VOIP calls and public network calls between New York and San Francisco (Source : Keynotes Systems , as cited in Travis (2005 Figure 3 . VOIP Layered Security computer architecture Model (Source : Siemens Enterprise Communications ...If you want to get a full essay, set out it on our website: Best EssayCheap.com

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